nzbToMedia/libs/beets/mediafile.py

# This file is part of beets.
# Copyright 2014, Adrian Sampson.
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
# the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

"""Handles low-level interfacing for files' tags. Wraps Mutagen to
automatically detect file types and provide a unified interface for a
useful subset of music files' tags.

Usage:

    >>> f = MediaFile('Lucy.mp3')
    >>> f.title
    u'Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds'
    >>> f.artist = 'The Beatles'
    >>> f.save()

A field will always return a reasonable value of the correct type, even
if no tag is present. If no value is available, the value will be false
(e.g., zero or the empty string).

Internally ``MediaFile`` uses ``MediaField`` descriptors to access the
data from the tags. In turn ``MediaField`` uses a number of
``StorageStyle`` strategies to handle format specific logic.
"""
import mutagen
import mutagen.mp3
import mutagen.oggopus
import mutagen.oggvorbis
import mutagen.mp4
import mutagen.flac
import mutagen.monkeysaudio
import mutagen.asf
import datetime
import re
import base64
import math
import struct
import imghdr
import os
import logging
import traceback
from beets.util.enumeration import enum

__all__ = ['UnreadableFileError', 'FileTypeError', 'MediaFile']



# Logger.
log = logging.getLogger('beets')



# Exceptions.

class UnreadableFileError(Exception):
    """Indicates a file that MediaFile can't read.
    """
    pass

class FileTypeError(UnreadableFileError):
    """Raised for files that don't seem to have a type MediaFile
    supports.
    """
    pass

class MutagenError(UnreadableFileError):
    """Raised when Mutagen fails unexpectedly---probably due to a bug.
    """



# Constants.

# Human-readable type names.
TYPES = {
    'mp3':  'MP3',
    'aac':  'AAC',
    'alac':  'ALAC',
    'ogg':  'OGG',
    'opus': 'Opus',
    'flac': 'FLAC',
    'ape':  'APE',
    'wv':   'WavPack',
    'mpc':  'Musepack',
    'asf':  'Windows Media',
}



# Utility.

def _safe_cast(out_type, val):
    """Try to covert val to out_type but never raise an exception. If
    the value can't be converted, then a sensible default value is
    returned. out_type should be bool, int, or unicode; otherwise, the
    value is just passed through.
    """
    if out_type == int:
        if val is None:
            return 0
        elif isinstance(val, int) or isinstance(val, float):
            # Just a number.
            return int(val)
        else:
            # Process any other type as a string.
            if not isinstance(val, basestring):
                val = unicode(val)
            # Get a number from the front of the string.
            val = re.match(r'[0-9]*', val.strip()).group(0)
            if not val:
                return 0
            else:
                return int(val)

    elif out_type == bool:
        if val is None:
            return False
        else:
            try:
                # Should work for strings, bools, ints:
                return bool(int(val))
            except ValueError:
                return False

    elif out_type == unicode:
        if val is None:
            return u''
        else:
            if isinstance(val, str):
                return val.decode('utf8', 'ignore')
            elif isinstance(val, unicode):
                return val
            else:
                return unicode(val)

    elif out_type == float:
        if val is None:
            return 0.0
        elif isinstance(val, int) or isinstance(val, float):
            return float(val)
        else:
            if not isinstance(val, basestring):
                val = unicode(val)
            val = re.match(r'[\+-]?[0-9\.]*', val.strip()).group(0)
            if not val:
                return 0.0
            else:
                return float(val)

    else:
        return val



# Image coding for ASF/WMA.

def _unpack_asf_image(data):
    """Unpack image data from a WM/Picture tag. Return a tuple
    containing the MIME type, the raw image data, a type indicator, and
    the image's description.

    This function is treated as "untrusted" and could throw all manner
    of exceptions (out-of-bounds, etc.). We should clean this up
    sometime so that the failure modes are well-defined.
    """
    type, size = struct.unpack_from("<bi", data)
    pos = 5
    mime = ""
    while data[pos:pos + 2] != "\x00\x00":
        mime += data[pos:pos + 2]
        pos += 2
    pos += 2
    description = ""
    while data[pos:pos + 2] != "\x00\x00":
        description += data[pos:pos + 2]
        pos += 2
    pos += 2
    image_data = data[pos:pos + size]
    return (mime.decode("utf-16-le"), image_data, type,
            description.decode("utf-16-le"))

def _pack_asf_image(mime, data, type=3, description=""):
    """Pack image data for a WM/Picture tag.
    """
    tag_data = struct.pack("<bi", type, len(data))
    tag_data += mime.encode("utf-16-le") + "\x00\x00"
    tag_data += description.encode("utf-16-le") + "\x00\x00"
    tag_data += data
    return tag_data



# iTunes Sound Check encoding.

def _sc_decode(soundcheck):
    """Convert a Sound Check string value to a (gain, peak) tuple as
    used by ReplayGain.
    """
    # SoundCheck tags consist of 10 numbers, each represented by 8
    # characters of ASCII hex preceded by a space.
    try:
        soundcheck = soundcheck.replace(' ', '').decode('hex')
        soundcheck = struct.unpack('!iiiiiiiiii', soundcheck)
    except (struct.error, TypeError):
        # SoundCheck isn't in the format we expect, so return default
        # values.
        return 0.0, 0.0

    # SoundCheck stores absolute calculated/measured RMS value in an
    # unknown unit. We need to find the ratio of this measurement
    # compared to a reference value of 1000 to get our gain in dB. We
    # play it safe by using the larger of the two values (i.e., the most
    # attenuation).
    maxgain = max(soundcheck[:2])
    if maxgain > 0:
        gain = math.log10(maxgain / 1000.0) * -10
    else:
        # Invalid gain value found.
        gain = 0.0

    # SoundCheck stores peak values as the actual value of the sample,
    # and again separately for the left and right channels. We need to
    # convert this to a percentage of full scale, which is 32768 for a
    # 16 bit sample. Once again, we play it safe by using the larger of
    # the two values.
    peak = max(soundcheck[6:8]) / 32768.0

    return round(gain, 2), round(peak, 6)

def _sc_encode(gain, peak):
    """Encode ReplayGain gain/peak values as a Sound Check string.
    """
    # SoundCheck stores the peak value as the actual value of the
    # sample, rather than the percentage of full scale that RG uses, so
    # we do a simple conversion assuming 16 bit samples.
    peak *= 32768.0

    # SoundCheck stores absolute RMS values in some unknown units rather
    # than the dB values RG uses. We can calculate these absolute values
    # from the gain ratio using a reference value of 1000 units. We also
    # enforce the maximum value here, which is equivalent to about
    # -18.2dB.
    g1 = min(round((10 ** (gain / -10)) * 1000), 65534)
    # Same as above, except our reference level is 2500 units.
    g2 = min(round((10 ** (gain / -10)) * 2500), 65534)

    # The purpose of these values are unknown, but they also seem to be
    # unused so we just use zero.
    uk = 0
    values = (g1, g1, g2, g2, uk, uk, peak, peak, uk, uk)
    return (u' %08X' * 10) % values



# Cover art and other images.


def _image_mime_type(data):
    """Return the MIME type of the image data (a bytestring).
    """
    kind = imghdr.what(None, h=data)
    if kind in ['gif', 'jpeg', 'png', 'tiff', 'bmp']:
        return 'image/{0}'.format(kind)
    elif kind == 'pgm':
        return 'image/x-portable-graymap'
    elif kind == 'pbm':
        return 'image/x-portable-bitmap'
    elif kind == 'ppm':
        return 'image/x-portable-pixmap'
    elif kind == 'xbm':
        return 'image/x-xbitmap'
    else:
        return 'image/x-{0}'.format(kind)


class Image(object):
    """Strucuture representing image data and metadata that can be
    stored and retrieved from tags.

    The structure has four properties.
    * ``data``  The binary data of the image
    * ``desc``  An optional descritpion of the image
    * ``type``  A string denoting the type in relation to the music.
                Must be one of the ``TYPES`` enum.
    * ``mime_type`` Read-only property that contains the mime type of
                    the binary data
    """
    TYPES = enum([
        'other',
        'icon',
        'other icon',
        'front',
        'back',
        'leaflet',
        'media',
        'lead artist',
        'artist',
        'conductor',
        'group',
        'composer',
        'lyricist',
        'recording location',
        'recording session',
        'performance',
        'screen capture',
        'fish',
        'illustration',
        'artist logo',
        'publisher logo',
    ], name='TageImage.TYPES')

    def __init__(self, data, desc=None, type=None):
        self.data = data
        self.desc = desc
        if isinstance(type, int):
            type = self.TYPES[type]
        self.type = type

    @property
    def mime_type(self):
        if self.data:
            return _image_mime_type(self.data)

    @property
    def type_index(self):
        if self.type is None:
            return None
        return list(self.TYPES).index(self.type)



# StorageStyle classes describe strategies for accessing values in
# Mutagen file objects.

class StorageStyle(object):
    """A strategy for storing a value for a certain tag format (or set
    of tag formats). This basic StorageStyle describes simple 1:1
    mapping from raw values to keys in a Mutagen file object; subclasses
    describe more sophisticated translations or format-specific access
    strategies.

    MediaFile uses a StorageStyle via two methods: ``get()`` and
    ``set()``. It passes a Mutagen file object to each.

    Internally, the StorageStyle implements ``get()`` and ``set()``
    using two steps that may be overridden by subtypes. To get a value,
    the StorageStyle first calls ``fetch()`` to retrieve the value
    corresponding to a key and then ``deserialize()`` to convert the raw
    Mutagen value to a consumable Python value. Similarly, to set a
    field, we call ``serialize()`` to encode the value and then
    ``store()`` to assign the result into the Mutagen object.

    Each StorageStyle type has a class-level `formats` attribute that is
    a list of strings indicating the formats that the style applies to.
    MediaFile only uses StorageStyles that apply to the correct type for
    a given audio file.
    """

    formats = ['FLAC', 'OggOpus', 'OggTheora', 'OggSpeex', 'OggVorbis',
               'OggFlac', 'APEv2File', 'WavPack', 'Musepack', 'MonkeysAudio']
    """List of mutagen classes the StorageStyle can handle.
    """

    def __init__(self, key, as_type=unicode, suffix=None, float_places=2):
        """Create a basic storage strategy. Parameters:

        - `key`: The key on the Mutagen file object used to access the
          field's data.
        - `as_type`: The Python type that the value is stored as
          internally (`unicode`, `int`, `bool`, or `bytes`).
        - `suffix`: When `as_type` is a string type, append this before
          storing the value.
        - `float_places`: When the value is a floating-point number and
          encoded as a string, the number of digits to store after the
          decimal point.
        """
        self.key = key
        self.as_type = as_type
        self.suffix = suffix
        self.float_places = float_places

        # Convert suffix to correct string type.
        if self.suffix and self.as_type is unicode:
            self.suffix = self.as_type(self.suffix)

    # Getter.

    def get(self, mutagen_file):
        """Get the value for the field using this style.
        """
        return self.deserialize(self.fetch(mutagen_file))

    def fetch(self, mutagen_file):
        """Retrieve the raw value of for this tag from the Mutagen file
        object.
        """
        try:
            return mutagen_file[self.key][0]
        except KeyError:
            return None

    def deserialize(self, mutagen_value):
        """Given a raw value stored on a Mutagen object, decode and
        return the represented value.
        """
        if self.suffix and isinstance(mutagen_value, unicode) \
                       and mutagen_value.endswith(self.suffix):
            return mutagen_value[:-len(self.suffix)]
        else:
            return mutagen_value

    # Setter.

    def set(self, mutagen_file, value):
        """Assign the value for the field using this style.
        """
        self.store(mutagen_file, self.serialize(value))

    def store(self, mutagen_file, value):
        """Store a serialized value in the Mutagen file object.
        """
        mutagen_file[self.key] = [value]

    def serialize(self, value):
        """Convert the external Python value to a type that is suitable for
        storing in a Mutagen file object.
        """
        if isinstance(value, float) and self.as_type is unicode:
            value = u'{0:.{1}f}'.format(value, self.float_places)
            value = self.as_type(value)
        elif self.as_type is unicode:
            if isinstance(value, bool):
                # Store bools as 1/0 instead of True/False.
                value = unicode(int(bool(value)))
            elif isinstance(value, str):
                value = value.decode('utf8', 'ignore')
            else:
                value = unicode(value)
        else:
            value = self.as_type(value)

        if self.suffix:
            value += self.suffix

        return value


class ListStorageStyle(StorageStyle):
    """Abstract storage style that provides access to lists.

    The ListMediaField descriptor uses a ListStorageStyle via two
    methods: ``get_list()`` and ``set_list()``. It passes a Mutagen file
    object to each.

    Subclasses may overwrite ``fetch`` and ``store``.  ``fetch`` must
    return a (possibly empty) list and ``store`` receives a serialized
    list of values as the second argument.

    The `serialize` and `deserialize` methods (from the base
    `StorageStyle`) are still called with individual values. This class
    handles packing and unpacking the values into lists.
    """
    def get(self, mutagen_file):
        """Get the first value in the field's value list.
        """
        try:
            return self.get_list(mutagen_file)[0]
        except IndexError:
            return None

    def get_list(self, mutagen_file):
        """Get a list of all values for the field using this style.
        """
        return [self.deserialize(item) for item in self.fetch(mutagen_file)]

    def fetch(self, mutagen_file):
        """Get the list of raw (serialized) values.
        """
        try:
            return mutagen_file[self.key]
        except KeyError:
            return []

    def set(self, mutagen_file, value):
        """Set an individual value as the only value for the field using
        this style.
        """
        self.set_list(mutagen_file, [value])

    def set_list(self, mutagen_file, values):
        """Set all values for the field using this style. `values`
        should be an iterable.
        """
        self.store(mutagen_file, [self.serialize(value) for value in values])

    def store(self, mutagen_file, values):
        """Set the list of all raw (serialized) values for this field.
        """
        mutagen_file[self.key] = values


class SoundCheckStorageStyleMixin(object):
    """A mixin for storage styles that read and write iTunes SoundCheck
    analysis values. The object must have an `index` field that
    indicates which half of the gain/peak pair---0 or 1---the field
    represents.
    """
    def get(self, mutagen_file):
        data = self.fetch(mutagen_file)
        if data is None:
            return 0
        else:
            return _sc_decode(data)[self.index]

    def set(self, mutagen_file, value):
        data = self.fetch(mutagen_file)
        if data is None:
            gain_peak = [0, 0]
        else:
            gain_peak = list(_sc_decode(data))
        gain_peak[self.index] = value or 0
        data = self.serialize(_sc_encode(*gain_peak))
        self.store(mutagen_file, data)


class ASFStorageStyle(ListStorageStyle):
    """A general storage style for Windows Media/ASF files.
    """
    formats = ['ASF']

    def deserialize(self, data):
        if isinstance(data, mutagen.asf.ASFBaseAttribute):
            data = data.value
        return data


class MP4StorageStyle(StorageStyle):
    """A general storage style for MPEG-4 tags.
    """
    formats = ['MP4']

    def serialize(self, value):
        value = super(MP4StorageStyle, self).serialize(value)
        if self.key.startswith('----:') and isinstance(value, unicode):
            value = value.encode('utf8')
        return value


class MP4TupleStorageStyle(MP4StorageStyle):
    """A style for storing values as part of a pair of numbers in an
    MPEG-4 file.
    """
    def __init__(self, key, index=0, **kwargs):
        super(MP4TupleStorageStyle, self).__init__(key, **kwargs)
        self.index = index

    def deserialize(self, mutagen_value):
        items = mutagen_value or []
        packing_length = 2
        return list(items) + [0] * (packing_length - len(items))

    def get(self, mutagen_file):
        return super(MP4TupleStorageStyle, self).get(mutagen_file)[self.index]

    def set(self, mutagen_file, value):
        if value is None:
            value = 0
        items = self.deserialize(self.fetch(mutagen_file))
        items[self.index] = int(value)
        self.store(mutagen_file, items)


class MP4ListStorageStyle(ListStorageStyle, MP4StorageStyle):
    pass


class MP4SoundCheckStorageStyle(SoundCheckStorageStyleMixin, MP4StorageStyle):
    def __init__(self, index=0, **kwargs):
        super(MP4SoundCheckStorageStyle, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.index = index

class MP4BoolStorageStyle(MP4StorageStyle):
    """A style for booleans in MPEG-4 files. (MPEG-4 has an atom type
    specifically for representing booleans.)
    """
    def get(self, mutagen_file):
        try:
            return mutagen_file[self.key]
        except KeyError:
            return None

    def get_list(self, mutagen_file):
        raise NotImplementedError('MP4 bool storage does not support lists')

    def set(self, mutagen_file, value):
        mutagen_file[self.key] = value

    def set_list(self, mutagen_file, values):
        raise NotImplementedError('MP4 bool storage does not support lists')


class MP4ImageStorageStyle(MP4ListStorageStyle):
    """Store images as MPEG-4 image atoms. Values are `Image` objects.
    """
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        super(MP4ImageStorageStyle, self).__init__(key='covr', **kwargs)

    def deserialize(self, data):
        return Image(data)

    def serialize(self, image):
        if image.mime_type == 'image/png':
            kind = mutagen.mp4.MP4Cover.FORMAT_PNG
        elif image.mime_type == 'image/jpeg':
            kind = mutagen.mp4.MP4Cover.FORMAT_JPEG
        else:
            raise ValueError('MP4 files only supports PNG and JPEG images')
        return mutagen.mp4.MP4Cover(image.data, kind)


class MP3StorageStyle(StorageStyle):
    """Store data in ID3 frames.
    """
    formats = ['MP3']

    def __init__(self, key, id3_lang=None, **kwargs):
        """Create a new ID3 storage style. `id3_lang` is the value for
        the language field of newly created frames.
        """
        self.id3_lang = id3_lang
        super(MP3StorageStyle, self).__init__(key, **kwargs)

    def fetch(self, mutagen_file):
        try:
            return mutagen_file[self.key].text[0]
        except KeyError:
            return None

    def store(self, mutagen_file, value):
        frame = mutagen.id3.Frames[self.key](encoding=3, text=[value])
        mutagen_file.tags.setall(self.key, [frame])


class MP3ListStorageStyle(ListStorageStyle, MP3StorageStyle):
    """Store lists of data in multiple ID3 frames.
    """
    def fetch(self, mutagen_file):
        try:
            return mutagen_file[self.key].text
        except KeyError:
            return []

    def store(self, mutagen_file, values):
        frame = mutagen.id3.Frames[self.key](encoding=3, text=values)
        mutagen_file.tags.setall(self.key, [frame])


class MP3UFIDStorageStyle(MP3StorageStyle):
    """Store data in a UFID ID3 frame with a particular owner.
    """
    def __init__(self, owner, **kwargs):
        self.owner = owner
        super(MP3UFIDStorageStyle, self).__init__('UFID:' + owner, **kwargs)

    def fetch(self, mutagen_file):
        try:
            return mutagen_file[self.key].data
        except KeyError:
            return None

    def store(self, mutagen_file, value):
        frames = mutagen_file.tags.getall(self.key)
        for frame in frames:
            # Replace existing frame data.
            if frame.owner == self.owner:
                frame.data = value
        else:
            # New frame.
            frame = mutagen.id3.UFID(owner=self.owner, data=value)
            mutagen_file.tags.setall(self.key, [frame])


class MP3DescStorageStyle(MP3StorageStyle):
    """Store data in a TXXX (or similar) ID3 frame. The frame is
    selected based its ``desc`` field.
    """
    def __init__(self, desc=u'', key='TXXX', **kwargs):
        self.description = desc
        super(MP3DescStorageStyle, self).__init__(key=key, **kwargs)

    def store(self, mutagen_file, value):
        frames = mutagen_file.tags.getall(self.key)
        if self.key != 'USLT':
            value = [value]

        # try modifying in place
        found = False
        for frame in frames:
            if frame.desc.lower() == self.description.lower():
                frame.text = value
                found = True

        # need to make a new frame?
        if not found:
            frame = mutagen.id3.Frames[self.key](
                    desc=str(self.description), text=value, encoding=3)
            if self.id3_lang:
                frame.lang = self.id3_lang
            mutagen_file.tags.add(frame)

    def fetch(self, mutagen_file):
        for frame in mutagen_file.tags.getall(self.key):
            if frame.desc.lower() == self.description.lower():
                if self.key == 'USLT':
                    return frame.text
                try:
                    return frame.text[0]
                except IndexError:
                    return None


class MP3SlashPackStorageStyle(MP3StorageStyle):
    """Store value as part of pair that is serialized as a slash-
    separated string.
    """
    def __init__(self, key, pack_pos=0, **kwargs):
        super(MP3SlashPackStorageStyle, self).__init__(key, **kwargs)
        self.pack_pos = pack_pos

    def _fetch_unpacked(self, mutagen_file):
        data = self.fetch(mutagen_file) or ''
        items = unicode(data).split('/')
        packing_length = 2
        return list(items) + [None] * (packing_length - len(items))

    def get(self, mutagen_file):
        return self._fetch_unpacked(mutagen_file)[self.pack_pos] or 0

    def set(self, mutagen_file, value):
        items = self._fetch_unpacked(mutagen_file)
        items[self.pack_pos] = value
        if items[0] is None:
            items[0] = 0
        if items[1] is None:
            items.pop()  # Do not store last value
        self.store(mutagen_file, '/'.join(map(unicode, items)))


class MP3ImageStorageStyle(ListStorageStyle, MP3StorageStyle):
    """Converts between APIC frames and ``Image`` instances.

    The `get_list` method inherited from ``ListStorageStyle`` returns a
    list of ``Image``s. Similarily the `set_list` method accepts a
    list of ``Image``s as its ``values`` arguemnt.
    """
    def __init__(self):
        super(MP3ImageStorageStyle, self).__init__(key='APIC')
        self.as_type = str

    def deserialize(self, apic_frame):
        """Convert APIC frame into Image."""
        return Image(data=apic_frame.data, desc=apic_frame.desc,
                     type=apic_frame.type)

    def fetch(self, mutagen_file):
        return mutagen_file.tags.getall(self.key)

    def store(self, mutagen_file, frames):
        mutagen_file.tags.setall(self.key, frames)

    def serialize(self, image):
        """Return an APIC frame populated with data from ``image``.
        """
        assert isinstance(image, Image)
        frame = mutagen.id3.Frames[self.key]()
        frame.data = image.data
        frame.mime = image.mime_type
        frame.desc = (image.desc or u'').encode('utf8')
        frame.encoding = 3  # UTF-8 encoding of desc
        frame.type = image.type_index or 3  # front cover
        return frame


class MP3SoundCheckStorageStyle(SoundCheckStorageStyleMixin,
                                MP3DescStorageStyle):
    def __init__(self, index=0, **kwargs):
        super(MP3SoundCheckStorageStyle, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.index = index


class ASFImageStorageStyle(ListStorageStyle):
    """Store images packed into Windows Media/ASF byte array attributes.
    Values are `Image` objects.
    """
    formats = ['ASF']

    def __init__(self):
        super(ASFImageStorageStyle, self).__init__(key='WM/Picture')

    def deserialize(self, asf_picture):
        mime, data, type, desc = _unpack_asf_image(asf_picture.value)
        return Image(data, desc=desc, type=type)

    def serialize(self, image):
        pic = mutagen.asf.ASFByteArrayAttribute()
        pic.value = _pack_asf_image(image.mime_type, image.data,
                                    type=image.type_index or 3,
                                    description=image.desc or u'')
        return pic


class VorbisImageStorageStyle(ListStorageStyle):
    """Store images in Vorbis comments. Both legacy COVERART fields and
    modern METADATA_BLOCK_PICTURE tags are supported. Data is
    base64-encoded. Values are `Image` objects.
    """
    formats = ['OggOpus', 'OggTheora', 'OggSpeex', 'OggVorbis',
               'OggFlac', 'APEv2File', 'WavPack', 'Musepack', 'MonkeysAudio']

    def __init__(self):
        super(VorbisImageStorageStyle, self).__init__(
                key='metadata_block_picture')
        self.as_type = str

    def fetch(self, mutagen_file):
        images = []
        if 'metadata_block_picture' not in mutagen_file:
            # Try legacy COVERART tags.
            if 'coverart' in mutagen_file:
                for data in mutagen_file['coverart']:
                    images.append(Image(base64.b64decode(data)))
            return images
        for data in mutagen_file["metadata_block_picture"]:
            try:
                pic = mutagen.flac.Picture(base64.b64decode(data))
            except (TypeError, AttributeError):
                continue
            images.append(Image(data=pic.data, desc=pic.desc,
                                   type=pic.type))
        return images

    def store(self, mutagen_file, image_data):
        # Strip all art, including legacy COVERART.
        if 'coverart' in mutagen_file:
            del mutagen_file['coverart']
        if 'coverartmime' in mutagen_file:
            del mutagen_file['coverartmime']
        super(VorbisImageStorageStyle, self).store(mutagen_file, image_data)

    def serialize(self, image):
        """Turn a Image into a base64 encoded FLAC picture block.
        """
        pic = mutagen.flac.Picture()
        pic.data = image.data
        pic.type = image.type_index or 3  # Front cover
        pic.mime = image.mime_type
        pic.desc = image.desc or u''
        return base64.b64encode(pic.write())


class FlacImageStorageStyle(ListStorageStyle):
    """Converts between ``mutagen.flac.Picture`` and ``Image`` instances.
    """
    formats = ['FLAC']

    def __init__(self):
        super(FlacImageStorageStyle, self).__init__(key='')

    def fetch(self, mutagen_file):
        return mutagen_file.pictures

    def deserialize(self, flac_picture):
        return Image(data=flac_picture.data, desc=flac_picture.desc,
                     type=flac_picture.type)

    def store(self, mutagen_file, pictures):
        """``pictures`` is a list of mutagen.flac.Picture instances.
        """
        mutagen_file.clear_pictures()
        for pic in pictures:
            mutagen_file.add_picture(pic)

    def serialize(self, image):
        """Turn a Image into a mutagen.flac.Picture.
        """
        pic = mutagen.flac.Picture()
        pic.data = image.data
        pic.type = image.type_index or 3  # Front cover
        pic.mime = image.mime_type
        pic.desc = image.desc or u''
        return pic



# MediaField is a descriptor that represents a single logical field. It
# aggregates several StorageStyles describing how to access the data for
# each file type.

class MediaField(object):
    """A descriptor providing access to a particular (abstract) metadata
    field.
    """
    def __init__(self, *styles, **kwargs):
        """Creates a new MediaField.

         - `styles`: `StorageStyle` instances that describe the strategy
           for reading and writing the field in particular formats.
           There must be at least one style for each possible file
           format.
        - `out_type`: the type of the value that should be returned when
           getting this property.
        """
        self.out_type = kwargs.get('out_type', unicode)
        self._styles = styles

    def styles(self, mutagen_file):
        """Yields the list of storage styles of this field that can
        handle the MediaFile's format.
        """
        for style in self._styles:
            if mutagen_file.__class__.__name__ in style.formats:
                yield style

    def __get__(self, mediafile, owner=None):
        out = None
        for style in self.styles(mediafile.mgfile):
            out = style.get(mediafile.mgfile)
            if out:
                break
        return _safe_cast(self.out_type, out)

    def __set__(self, mediafile, value):
        if value is None:
            value = self._none_value()
        for style in self.styles(mediafile.mgfile):
            style.set(mediafile.mgfile, value)

    def _none_value(self):
        """Get an appropriate "null" value for this field's type. This
        is used internally when setting the field to None.
        """
        if self.out_type == int:
            return 0
        elif self.out_type == float:
            return 0.0
        elif self.out_type == bool:
            return False
        elif self.out_type == unicode:
            return u''


class ListMediaField(MediaField):
    """Property descriptor that retrieves a list of multiple values from
    a tag.

    Uses ``get_list`` and set_list`` methods of its ``StorageStyle``
    strategies to do the actual work.
    """
    def __get__(self, mediafile, _):
        values = []
        for style in self.styles(mediafile.mgfile):
            values.extend(style.get_list(mediafile.mgfile))
        return [_safe_cast(self.out_type, value) for value in values]

    def __set__(self, mediafile, values):
        for style in self.styles(mediafile.mgfile):
            style.set_list(mediafile.mgfile, values)

    def single_field(self):
        """Returns a ``MediaField`` descriptor that gets and sets the
        first item.
        """
        options = {'out_type': self.out_type}
        return MediaField(*self._styles, **options)


class DateField(MediaField):
    """Descriptor that handles serializing and deserializing dates

    The getter parses value from tags into a ``datetime.date`` instance
    and setter serializes such an instance into a string.

    For granular access to year, month, and day, use the ``*_field``
    methods to create corresponding `DateItemField`s.
    """
    def __init__(self, *date_styles, **kwargs):
        """``date_styles`` is a list of ``StorageStyle``s to store and
        retrieve the whole date from. The ``year`` option is an
        additional list of fallback styles for the year. The year is
        always set on this style, but is only retrieved if the main
        storage styles do not return a value.
        """
        super(DateField, self).__init__(*date_styles)
        year_style = kwargs.get('year', None)
        if year_style:
            self._year_field = MediaField(*year_style)

    def __get__(self, mediafile, owner=None):
        year, month, day = self._get_date_tuple(mediafile)
        try:
            return datetime.date(
                year or datetime.MINYEAR,
                month or 1,
                day or 1
            )
        except ValueError:  # Out of range values.
            return datetime.date.min

    def __set__(self, mediafile, date):
        self._set_date_tuple(mediafile, date.year, date.month, date.day)

    def _get_date_tuple(self, mediafile):
        """Get a 3-item sequence representing the date consisting of a
        year, month, and day number. Each number is either an integer or
        None.
        """
        # Get the underlying data and split on hyphens.
        datestring = super(DateField, self).__get__(mediafile, None)
        datestring = re.sub(r'[Tt ].*$', '', unicode(datestring))
        items = unicode(datestring).split('-')

        # Ensure that we have exactly 3 components, possibly by
        # truncating or padding.
        items = items[:3]
        if len(items) < 3:
            items += [None] * (3 - len(items))

        # Use year field if year is missing.
        if not items[0] and hasattr(self, '_year_field'):
            items[0] = self._year_field.__get__(mediafile)

        # Convert each component to an integer if possible.
        return [_safe_cast(int, item) for item in items]

    def _set_date_tuple(self, mediafile, year, month=None, day=None):
        """Set the value of the field given a year, month, and day
        number. Each number can be an integer or None to indicate an
        unset component.
        """
        date = [year or 0]
        if month:
            date.append(month)
        if month and day:
            date.append(day)
        date = map(unicode, date)
        super(DateField, self).__set__(mediafile, '-'.join(date))

        if hasattr(self, '_year_field'):
            self._year_field.__set__(mediafile, year)

    def year_field(self):
        return DateItemField(self, 0)

    def month_field(self):
        return DateItemField(self, 1)

    def day_field(self):
        return DateItemField(self, 2)


class DateItemField(MediaField):
    """Descriptor that gets and sets constituent parts of a `DateField`:
    the month, day, or year.
    """
    def __init__(self, date_field, item_pos):
        self.date_field = date_field
        self.item_pos = item_pos

    def __get__(self, mediafile, _):
        return self.date_field._get_date_tuple(mediafile)[self.item_pos]

    def __set__(self, mediafile, value):
        items = self.date_field._get_date_tuple(mediafile)
        items[self.item_pos] = value
        self.date_field._set_date_tuple(mediafile, *items)


class CoverArtField(MediaField):
    """A descriptor that provides access to the *raw image data* for the
    first image on a file. This is used for backwards compatibility: the
    full `ImageListField` provides richer `Image` objects.
    """
    def __init__(self):
        pass

    def __get__(self, mediafile, _):
        try:
            return mediafile.images[0].data
        except IndexError:
            return None

    def __set__(self, mediafile, data):
        if data:
            mediafile.images = [Image(data=data)]
        else:
            mediafile.images = []


class ImageListField(MediaField):
    """Descriptor to access the list of images embedded in tags.

    The getter returns a list of `Image` instances obtained from
    the tags. The setter accepts a list of `Image` instances to be
    written to the tags.
    """
    def __init__(self):
        # The storage styles used here must implement the
        # `ListStorageStyle` interface and get and set lists of
        # `Image`s.
        super(ImageListField, self).__init__(
            MP3ImageStorageStyle(),
            MP4ImageStorageStyle(),
            ASFImageStorageStyle(),
            VorbisImageStorageStyle(),
            FlacImageStorageStyle(),
        )

    def __get__(self, mediafile, _):
        images = []
        for style in self.styles(mediafile.mgfile):
            images.extend(style.get_list(mediafile.mgfile))
        return images

    def __set__(self, mediafile, images):
        for style in self.styles(mediafile.mgfile):
            style.set_list(mediafile.mgfile, images)



# MediaFile is a collection of fields.


class MediaFile(object):
    """Represents a multimedia file on disk and provides access to its
    metadata.
    """
    def __init__(self, path):
        """Constructs a new MediaFile reflecting the file at path. May
        throw UnreadableFileError.
        """
        self.path = path

        unreadable_exc = (
            mutagen.mp3.error,
            mutagen.id3.error,
            mutagen.flac.error,
            mutagen.monkeysaudio.MonkeysAudioHeaderError,
            mutagen.mp4.error,
            mutagen.oggopus.error,
            mutagen.oggvorbis.error,
            mutagen.ogg.error,
            mutagen.asf.error,
            mutagen.apev2.error,
        )
        try:
            self.mgfile = mutagen.File(path)
        except unreadable_exc as exc:
            log.debug(u'header parsing failed: {0}'.format(unicode(exc)))
            raise UnreadableFileError('Mutagen could not read file')
        except IOError as exc:
            if type(exc) == IOError:
                # This is a base IOError, not a subclass from Mutagen or
                # anywhere else.
                raise
            else:
                log.debug(traceback.format_exc())
                raise MutagenError('Mutagen raised an exception')
        except Exception as exc:
            # Isolate bugs in Mutagen.
            log.debug(traceback.format_exc())
            log.error('uncaught Mutagen exception in open: {0}'.format(exc))
            raise MutagenError('Mutagen raised an exception')

        if self.mgfile is None: # Mutagen couldn't guess the type
            raise FileTypeError('file type unsupported by Mutagen')
        elif type(self.mgfile).__name__ == 'M4A' or \
             type(self.mgfile).__name__ == 'MP4':
            # This hack differentiates AAC and ALAC until we find a more
            # deterministic approach. Mutagen only sets the sample rate
            # for AAC files. See:
            # https://github.com/sampsyo/beets/pull/295
            if hasattr(self.mgfile.info, 'sample_rate') and \
               self.mgfile.info.sample_rate > 0:
                self.type = 'aac'
            else:
                self.type = 'alac'
        elif type(self.mgfile).__name__ == 'ID3' or \
             type(self.mgfile).__name__ == 'MP3':
            self.type = 'mp3'
        elif type(self.mgfile).__name__ == 'FLAC':
            self.type = 'flac'
        elif type(self.mgfile).__name__ == 'OggOpus':
            self.type = 'opus'
        elif type(self.mgfile).__name__ == 'OggVorbis':
            self.type = 'ogg'
        elif type(self.mgfile).__name__ == 'MonkeysAudio':
            self.type = 'ape'
        elif type(self.mgfile).__name__ == 'WavPack':
            self.type = 'wv'
        elif type(self.mgfile).__name__ == 'Musepack':
            self.type = 'mpc'
        elif type(self.mgfile).__name__ == 'ASF':
            self.type = 'asf'
        else:
            raise FileTypeError('file type %s unsupported by MediaFile' %
                                type(self.mgfile).__name__)

        # add a set of tags if it's missing
        if self.mgfile.tags is None:
            self.mgfile.add_tags()

    def save(self, id3v23=False):
        """Write the object's tags back to the file.

        By default, MP3 files are saved with ID3v2.4 tags. You can use
        the older ID3v2.3 standard by specifying the `id3v23` option.
        """
        kwargs = {}
        if id3v23 and self.type == 'mp3':
            id3 = self.mgfile
            if hasattr(id3, 'tags'):
                # In case this is an MP3 object, not an ID3 object.
                id3 = id3.tags
            id3.update_to_v23()
            kwargs['v2_version'] = 3

        # Isolate bugs in Mutagen.
        try:
            self.mgfile.save(**kwargs)
        except (IOError, OSError):
            # Propagate these through: they don't represent Mutagen bugs.
            raise
        except Exception as exc:
            log.debug(traceback.format_exc())
            log.error('uncaught Mutagen exception in save: {0}'.format(exc))
            raise MutagenError('Mutagen raised an exception')

    def delete(self):
        """Remove the current metadata tag from the file.
        """
        try:
            self.mgfile.delete()
        except NotImplementedError:
            # For Mutagen types that don't support deletion (notably,
            # ASF), just delete each tag individually.
            for tag in self.mgfile.keys():
                del self.mgfile[tag]


    # Field definitions.

    title = MediaField(
        MP3StorageStyle('TIT2'),
        MP4StorageStyle("\xa9nam"),
        StorageStyle('TITLE'),
        ASFStorageStyle('Title'),
    )
    artist = MediaField(
        MP3StorageStyle('TPE1'),
        MP4StorageStyle("\xa9ART"),
        StorageStyle('ARTIST'),
        ASFStorageStyle('Author'),
    )
    album = MediaField(
        MP3StorageStyle('TALB'),
        MP4StorageStyle("\xa9alb"),
        StorageStyle('ALBUM'),
        ASFStorageStyle('WM/AlbumTitle'),
    )
    genres = ListMediaField(
        MP3ListStorageStyle('TCON'),
        MP4ListStorageStyle("\xa9gen"),
        ListStorageStyle('GENRE'),
        ASFStorageStyle('WM/Genre'),
    )
    genre = genres.single_field()

    composer = MediaField(
        MP3StorageStyle('TCOM'),
        MP4StorageStyle("\xa9wrt"),
        StorageStyle('COMPOSER'),
        ASFStorageStyle('WM/Composer'),
    )
    grouping = MediaField(
        MP3StorageStyle('TIT1'),
        MP4StorageStyle("\xa9grp"),
        StorageStyle('GROUPING'),
        ASFStorageStyle('WM/ContentGroupDescription'),
    )
    track = MediaField(
        MP3SlashPackStorageStyle('TRCK', pack_pos=0),
        MP4TupleStorageStyle('trkn', index=0),
        StorageStyle('TRACK'),
        StorageStyle('TRACKNUMBER'),
        ASFStorageStyle('WM/TrackNumber'),
        out_type=int,
    )
    tracktotal = MediaField(
        MP3SlashPackStorageStyle('TRCK', pack_pos=1),
        MP4TupleStorageStyle('trkn', index=1),
        StorageStyle('TRACKTOTAL'),
        StorageStyle('TRACKC'),
        StorageStyle('TOTALTRACKS'),
        ASFStorageStyle('TotalTracks'),
        out_type=int,
    )
    disc = MediaField(
        MP3SlashPackStorageStyle('TPOS', pack_pos=0),
        MP4TupleStorageStyle('disk', index=0),
        StorageStyle('DISC'),
        StorageStyle('DISCNUMBER'),
        ASFStorageStyle('WM/PartOfSet'),
        out_type=int,
    )
    disctotal = MediaField(
        MP3SlashPackStorageStyle('TPOS', pack_pos=1),
        MP4TupleStorageStyle('disk', index=1),
        StorageStyle('DISCTOTAL'),
        StorageStyle('DISCC'),
        StorageStyle('TOTALDISCS'),
        ASFStorageStyle('TotalDiscs'),
        out_type=int,
    )
    lyrics = MediaField(
        MP3DescStorageStyle(key='USLT'),
        MP4StorageStyle("\xa9lyr"),
        StorageStyle('LYRICS'),
        ASFStorageStyle('WM/Lyrics'),
    )
    comments = MediaField(
        MP3DescStorageStyle(key='COMM'),
        MP4StorageStyle("\xa9cmt"),
        StorageStyle('DESCRIPTION'),
        StorageStyle('COMMENT'),
        ASFStorageStyle('WM/Comments'),
    )
    bpm = MediaField(
        MP3StorageStyle('TBPM'),
        MP4StorageStyle('tmpo', as_type=int),
        StorageStyle('BPM'),
        ASFStorageStyle('WM/BeatsPerMinute'),
        out_type=int,
    )
    comp = MediaField(
        MP3StorageStyle('TCMP'),
        MP4BoolStorageStyle('cpil'),
        StorageStyle('COMPILATION'),
        ASFStorageStyle('WM/IsCompilation', as_type=bool),
        out_type=bool,
    )
    albumartist = MediaField(
        MP3StorageStyle('TPE2'),
        MP4StorageStyle('aART'),
        StorageStyle('ALBUM ARTIST'),
        StorageStyle('ALBUMARTIST'),
        ASFStorageStyle('WM/AlbumArtist'),
    )
    albumtype = MediaField(
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'MusicBrainz Album Type'),
        MP4StorageStyle('----:com.apple.iTunes:MusicBrainz Album Type'),
        StorageStyle('MUSICBRAINZ_ALBUMTYPE'),
        ASFStorageStyle('MusicBrainz/Album Type'),
    )
    label = MediaField(
        MP3StorageStyle('TPUB'),
        MP4StorageStyle('----:com.apple.iTunes:Label'),
        MP4StorageStyle('----:com.apple.iTunes:publisher'),
        StorageStyle('LABEL'),
        StorageStyle('PUBLISHER'),  # Traktor
        ASFStorageStyle('WM/Publisher'),
    )
    artist_sort = MediaField(
        MP3StorageStyle('TSOP'),
        MP4StorageStyle("soar"),
        StorageStyle('ARTISTSORT'),
        ASFStorageStyle('WM/ArtistSortOrder'),
    )
    albumartist_sort = MediaField(
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'ALBUMARTISTSORT'),
        MP4StorageStyle("soaa"),
        StorageStyle('ALBUMARTISTSORT'),
        ASFStorageStyle('WM/AlbumArtistSortOrder'),
    )
    asin = MediaField(
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'ASIN'),
        MP4StorageStyle("----:com.apple.iTunes:ASIN"),
        StorageStyle('ASIN'),
        ASFStorageStyle('MusicBrainz/ASIN'),
    )
    catalognum = MediaField(
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'CATALOGNUMBER'),
        MP4StorageStyle("----:com.apple.iTunes:CATALOGNUMBER"),
        StorageStyle('CATALOGNUMBER'),
        ASFStorageStyle('WM/CatalogNo'),
    )
    disctitle = MediaField(
        MP3StorageStyle('TSST'),
        MP4StorageStyle("----:com.apple.iTunes:DISCSUBTITLE"),
        StorageStyle('DISCSUBTITLE'),
        ASFStorageStyle('WM/SetSubTitle'),
    )
    encoder = MediaField(
        MP3StorageStyle('TENC'),
        MP4StorageStyle("\xa9too"),
        StorageStyle('ENCODEDBY'),
        StorageStyle('ENCODER'),
        ASFStorageStyle('WM/EncodedBy'),
    )
    script = MediaField(
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'Script'),
        MP4StorageStyle("----:com.apple.iTunes:SCRIPT"),
        StorageStyle('SCRIPT'),
        ASFStorageStyle('WM/Script'),
    )
    language = MediaField(
        MP3StorageStyle('TLAN'),
        MP4StorageStyle("----:com.apple.iTunes:LANGUAGE"),
        StorageStyle('LANGUAGE'),
        ASFStorageStyle('WM/Language'),
    )
    country = MediaField(
        MP3DescStorageStyle('MusicBrainz Album Release Country'),
        MP4StorageStyle("----:com.apple.iTunes:MusicBrainz Album "
                         "Release Country"),
        StorageStyle('RELEASECOUNTRY'),
        ASFStorageStyle('MusicBrainz/Album Release Country'),
    )
    albumstatus = MediaField(
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'MusicBrainz Album Status'),
        MP4StorageStyle("----:com.apple.iTunes:MusicBrainz Album Status"),
        StorageStyle('MUSICBRAINZ_ALBUMSTATUS'),
        ASFStorageStyle('MusicBrainz/Album Status'),
    )
    media = MediaField(
        MP3StorageStyle('TMED'),
        MP4StorageStyle("----:com.apple.iTunes:MEDIA"),
        StorageStyle('MEDIA'),
        ASFStorageStyle('WM/Media'),
    )
    albumdisambig = MediaField(
        # This tag mapping was invented for beets (not used by Picard, etc).
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'MusicBrainz Album Comment'),
        MP4StorageStyle("----:com.apple.iTunes:MusicBrainz Album Comment"),
        StorageStyle('MUSICBRAINZ_ALBUMCOMMENT'),
        ASFStorageStyle('MusicBrainz/Album Comment'),
    )

    # Release date.
    date = DateField(
        MP3StorageStyle('TDRC'),
        MP4StorageStyle("\xa9day"),
        StorageStyle('DATE'),
        ASFStorageStyle('WM/Year'),
        year=(StorageStyle('YEAR'),))

    year = date.year_field()
    month = date.month_field()
    day = date.day_field()

    # *Original* release date.
    original_date = DateField(
        MP3StorageStyle('TDOR'),
        MP4StorageStyle('----:com.apple.iTunes:ORIGINAL YEAR'),
        StorageStyle('ORIGINALDATE'),
        ASFStorageStyle('WM/OriginalReleaseYear'))

    original_year = original_date.year_field()
    original_month = original_date.month_field()
    original_day = original_date.day_field()

    # Nonstandard metadata.
    artist_credit = MediaField(
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'Artist Credit'),
        MP4StorageStyle("----:com.apple.iTunes:Artist Credit"),
        StorageStyle('ARTIST_CREDIT'),
        ASFStorageStyle('beets/Artist Credit'),
    )
    albumartist_credit = MediaField(
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'Album Artist Credit'),
        MP4StorageStyle("----:com.apple.iTunes:Album Artist Credit"),
        StorageStyle('ALBUMARTIST_CREDIT'),
        ASFStorageStyle('beets/Album Artist Credit'),
    )

    # Legacy album art field
    art = CoverArtField()

    # Image list
    images = ImageListField()

    # MusicBrainz IDs.
    mb_trackid = MediaField(
        MP3UFIDStorageStyle(owner='http://musicbrainz.org'),
        MP4StorageStyle('----:com.apple.iTunes:MusicBrainz Track Id'),
        StorageStyle('MUSICBRAINZ_TRACKID'),
        ASFStorageStyle('MusicBrainz/Track Id'),
    )
    mb_albumid = MediaField(
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'MusicBrainz Album Id'),
        MP4StorageStyle('----:com.apple.iTunes:MusicBrainz Album Id'),
        StorageStyle('MUSICBRAINZ_ALBUMID'),
        ASFStorageStyle('MusicBrainz/Album Id'),
    )
    mb_artistid = MediaField(
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'MusicBrainz Artist Id'),
        MP4StorageStyle('----:com.apple.iTunes:MusicBrainz Artist Id'),
        StorageStyle('MUSICBRAINZ_ARTISTID'),
        ASFStorageStyle('MusicBrainz/Artist Id'),
    )
    mb_albumartistid = MediaField(
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'MusicBrainz Album Artist Id'),
        MP4StorageStyle('----:com.apple.iTunes:MusicBrainz Album Artist Id'),
        StorageStyle('MUSICBRAINZ_ALBUMARTISTID'),
        ASFStorageStyle('MusicBrainz/Album Artist Id'),
    )
    mb_releasegroupid = MediaField(
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'MusicBrainz Release Group Id'),
        MP4StorageStyle('----:com.apple.iTunes:MusicBrainz Release Group Id'),
        StorageStyle('MUSICBRAINZ_RELEASEGROUPID'),
        ASFStorageStyle('MusicBrainz/Release Group Id'),
    )

    # Acoustid fields.
    acoustid_fingerprint = MediaField(
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'Acoustid Fingerprint'),
        MP4StorageStyle('----:com.apple.iTunes:Acoustid Fingerprint'),
        StorageStyle('ACOUSTID_FINGERPRINT'),
        ASFStorageStyle('Acoustid/Fingerprint'),
    )
    acoustid_id = MediaField(
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'Acoustid Id'),
        MP4StorageStyle('----:com.apple.iTunes:Acoustid Id'),
        StorageStyle('ACOUSTID_ID'),
        ASFStorageStyle('Acoustid/Id'),
    )

    # ReplayGain fields.
    rg_track_gain = MediaField(
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'REPLAYGAIN_TRACK_GAIN',
                     float_places=2, suffix=u' dB'),
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'replaygain_track_gain',
                     float_places=2, suffix=u' dB'),
        MP3SoundCheckStorageStyle(key='COMM', index=0, desc=u'iTunNORM',
                     id3_lang='eng'),
        MP4StorageStyle(key='----:com.apple.iTunes:replaygain_track_gain',
                     float_places=2, suffix=b' dB'),
        MP4SoundCheckStorageStyle(key='----:com.apple.iTunes:iTunNORM',
                     index=0),
        StorageStyle(u'REPLAYGAIN_TRACK_GAIN',
                     float_places=2, suffix=u' dB'),
        ASFStorageStyle(u'replaygain_track_gain',
                     float_places=2, suffix=u' dB'),
        out_type=float
    )
    rg_album_gain = MediaField(
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'REPLAYGAIN_ALBUM_GAIN',
                     float_places=2, suffix=u' dB'),
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'replaygain_album_gain',
                     float_places=2, suffix=u' dB'),
        MP4SoundCheckStorageStyle(key='----:com.apple.iTunes:iTunNORM',
                     index=1),
        StorageStyle(u'REPLAYGAIN_ALBUM_GAIN',
                     float_places=2, suffix=u' dB'),
        ASFStorageStyle(u'replaygain_album_gain',
                     float_places=2, suffix=u' dB'),
        out_type=float
    )
    rg_track_peak = MediaField(
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'REPLAYGAIN_TRACK_PEAK',
                     float_places=6),
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'replaygain_track_peak',
                     float_places=6),
        MP3SoundCheckStorageStyle(key='COMM', index=1, desc=u'iTunNORM',
                     id3_lang='eng'),
        MP4StorageStyle('----:com.apple.iTunes:replaygain_track_peak',
                     float_places=6),
        MP4SoundCheckStorageStyle(key='----:com.apple.iTunes:iTunNORM',
                     index=1),
        StorageStyle(u'REPLAYGAIN_TRACK_PEAK',
                     float_places=6),
        ASFStorageStyle(u'replaygain_track_peak',
                     float_places=6),
        out_type=float,
    )
    rg_album_peak = MediaField(
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'REPLAYGAIN_ALBUM_PEAK',
                     float_places=6),
        MP3DescStorageStyle(u'replaygain_album_peak',
                     float_places=6),
        MP4StorageStyle('----:com.apple.iTunes:replaygain_album_peak',
                         float_places=6),
        StorageStyle(u'REPLAYGAIN_ALBUM_PEAK',
                         float_places=6),
        ASFStorageStyle(u'replaygain_album_peak',
                         float_places=6),
        out_type=float,
    )

    @property
    def length(self):
        """The duration of the audio in seconds (a float)."""
        return self.mgfile.info.length

    @property
    def samplerate(self):
        """The audio's sample rate (an int)."""
        if hasattr(self.mgfile.info, 'sample_rate'):
            return self.mgfile.info.sample_rate
        elif self.type == 'opus':
            # Opus is always 48kHz internally.
            return 48000
        return 0

    @property
    def bitdepth(self):
        """The number of bits per sample in the audio encoding (an int).
        Only available for certain file formats (zero where
        unavailable).
        """
        if hasattr(self.mgfile.info, 'bits_per_sample'):
            return self.mgfile.info.bits_per_sample
        return 0

    @property
    def channels(self):
        """The number of channels in the audio (an int)."""
        if isinstance(self.mgfile.info, mutagen.mp3.MPEGInfo):
            return {
                mutagen.mp3.STEREO: 2,
                mutagen.mp3.JOINTSTEREO: 2,
                mutagen.mp3.DUALCHANNEL: 2,
                mutagen.mp3.MONO: 1,
            }[self.mgfile.info.mode]
        if hasattr(self.mgfile.info, 'channels'):
            return self.mgfile.info.channels
        return 0

    @property
    def bitrate(self):
        """The number of bits per seconds used in the audio coding (an
        int). If this is provided explicitly by the compressed file
        format, this is a precise reflection of the encoding. Otherwise,
        it is estimated from the on-disk file size. In this case, some
        imprecision is possible because the file header is incorporated
        in the file size.
        """
        if hasattr(self.mgfile.info, 'bitrate') and self.mgfile.info.bitrate:
            # Many formats provide it explicitly.
            return self.mgfile.info.bitrate
        else:
            # Otherwise, we calculate bitrate from the file size. (This
            # is the case for all of the lossless formats.)
            if not self.length:
                # Avoid division by zero if length is not available.
                return 0
            size = os.path.getsize(self.path)
            return int(size * 8 / self.length)

    @property
    def format(self):
        """A string describing the file format/codec."""
        return TYPES[self.type]